offshore areas that the US previously had sovereignity or jurisdiction over, that were permanently-occupied

• Philippines (1898-1946) — pop. 16,000,000 in 1946
• Banana Wars
  • Haiti (1915-1934) — pop. 2,500,000 in 1930 [2]
  • Cuba (1898-1902, 1906-1909) — pop. 2,000,000 in 1907
  • Dominican Republic (1916-1924) — pop. 890,000 in 1920
  • Nicaragua (1912-1933) — pop. 680,000 in 1930
  • Isthmus of Panama:
    • Panama Canal Railway (1846-1979)
    • Panama Canal Zone (1903-1979) — pop. 44,000 in 1970
  • (TODO — expand this section based on this document)
• Federated States of Micronesia (1947-1994)
  • Marshall Islands (1944-1979) — pop. 22,000 in 1970
  • Palau (1947-1994) — pop. 16,000 in 1994
• Corn Islands (leased 1914-1971) — pop. 1800 in 1960 (per this document, no count was taken for the 1970 decennial census)
• Swan Islands (1856-1972) — pop. 150 in 1960
• (TODO — possibly consider places listed on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Former_territories_and_administered_areas
• (TODO — possibly consider places listed under census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/GARM/Ch7GARM.pdf)
• (TODO — possibly consider "the Corn Islands; Navassa Island, Quita Sueño Bank, Roncador Cay, and Serrana Bank; Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands; Canton and Enderbury Islands; Johnston Atoll; Kingman Reef; The Midway Islands; Palmyra Atoll; and Wake Island")