SQL has been standardized by both ANSI and the ISO organization. Some names for standardized SQL are 'SQL-92' and 'SQL:1999'.
For date string standards, see ISO-8601 (examples) or RFC-3339.
CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
DATE '1992-02-28'
TIME '12:30:59'
TIMESTAMP '1992-02-28 12:30:59'
(for more, Ctrl-F for "<timestamp literal>" here)