Tinder, kindling, and fuel — Three sizes of wood and other natural materials that are used to grow a small fire. Tinder is the thinnest pieces of twigs, and is step one. Once that's successfully burning, you try to get the larger kindling ignited, which is step two. And step three, fuel is the regular logs that can be used to keep a fire going for hours.
Bird's nest — This allows you to start with a tiny ember or spark, and grow the fire to the point that the tinder will ignite successfully.
Coal extender — Here, 'coal' means a very small ember, it doesn't mean the compressed decomposed peat that you dig out of the ground and use for fuel.
Techniques
Fire roll AKA a Rudiger roll — Some kind of fiber (such as a cotton ball) plus some wood ash, used to start a friction fire.
