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document updated 13 years ago, on Dec 21, 2010
Variables can be prefixed with a letter and a colon. Vim doco calls these name spaces for variables

b: Buffer
w: Window
g: Global
l: Function
s: Script variable (or Sourced script?)
a: Arguments to Function
v: Global, predefined
@ registers
&XYZ The value of an option (for example ic)

If a function is declared with range, the the special variables a:firstline and a:lastline give the numbers where the selection starts and ends.
Additionally, the value of an option can be set/gotten by preceding the option name with a & (For example &shell or &term).
The value of environment variables can be gotten by preceding the variable's name with a $ (For example $VIM).
@/ is the value of the last search pattern. This value can be assigned to.