Is voting ineffective in America?

2014 Princeton + Northwestern study

study citation — Gilens, Martin, and Benjamin I. Page. "Testing theories of American politics: Elites, interest groups, and average citizens." Perspectives on politics 12.3 (2014): 564-581. doi: 10.1017/S1537592714001595.

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• At the time, Martin Gilens worked at Princeton University and Benjamin Page at Northwestern University.

Outside commentary on this study:

• YouTube summary

• Three follow-up studies that seem to contradict these conclusions.