1/4"-20 — Originally used to connect the bottom of a camera to the very top of a tripod. Now used for a wide number of things, for example, see all the things that SmallRig makes.
3/8"-16 — Used to connect the tripod head to the tripod legs. This screw is ⅜" in diameter, with 16 TPI (threads per inch).
5/8"-27 — Used (in the United States anyway) at the top of microphone stands.
baby pin — TODO — ⅝" / 16mm diameter, and 3½" / 9cm long
junior pin — TODO — 1⅛" / 29mm diameter, and 4" / 10cm long
cold shoe — TODO
NATO rail — TODO