hearing aid-like devices that are able to reduce the volume

That are useful for people with hyperacusis and/or misophonia.

less fine-grained control over what gets dampened

• Minuendo Adjustable Earplugs [amazon]

Regular earbuds that have the ANC (active noise-cancelling) feature that's strong enough to be able to block out large amounts of sound:

• lists: [cnet] [techradar] [3] [4]

"real" hearing aid features for hyperacusis / misophonia patients

• helpful features might include: transient noise reduction, dynamic noise canceling, and therapeutic sound generating

"real" hearing aids

Has dynamic noise canceling:

• Phonak Audeo Lumity RL Life, both L70 and L90 have this.